MCQs

According to Australian and New Zealand Committee on Resuscitation (ANZCOR) guidelines, during advanced life support for ventricular fibrillation, adrenaline 1mg should be administered

The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is used in intensive care for the assesment of sepsis. This score does NOT include the

In an adult patient with reduced mouth opening, insertion of a classic design LMA may be easier than with other supraglottic airways because of its

You are asked to assess a patient in the intensive care unit who has a tracheostomy that may have become dislodged. To assess if the tracheostomy is patent you should NOT

Albumin is contraindicated in

A bleeding patient has ROTEM results including (ROTEM results shown). The most appropriate treatment is

A 56-year-old patient presents with exertional syncope. The most likely diagnosis is

The shoulder joint receives sensory innervation from all of the following nerves EXCEPT the

The most likely diagnosis for the following electrocardiograph is

The nerve labelled with an arrow in the diagram below (diagram of lumbar plexus shown) is the

A pregnant woman requires a caesarean section delivery within 30 minutes for fetal distress. Her body mass index (BMI) is 26 kg/m2. She has multiple sclerosis with lesions in her brain and spinal cord and receives monthly injections of the disease-modifying drug ofatumumab. The most appropriate plan for her delivery is

The needle whose tip is pictured is a

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the most common form of atlantoaxial instability have a widened atlantodental interval. This is measured between the

Abdominal compartment syndrome is defined by the presence of end-organ dysfunction with a lower limit of abdominal pressure measured at

Pulmonary hypertension is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than

Of the following, the patient characteristic associated with an increased risk of developing severe bone cement implantation syndrome is

An inappropriate irrigation solution when using monopolar diathermy during transurethral resection of prostate would be

The technique of airway pressure release ventilation

The modified Aldrete scoring system uses all of the following EXCEPT the

The ventilator waveforms shown represent

An absolute contraindication to transoesophageal echocardiography is

According to the ATACAS trial, the continuation of low-dose aspirin prior to cardiac surgery is associated, in the postoperative period, with

A 43-year-old man is undergoing an elective endovascular coiling procedure for an 8 mm middle cerebral artery aneurysm. Midway through the procedure the interventionalist tells you they have ruptured the aneurysm. All of the following are appropriate initial interventions EXCEPT

A patient will open her eyes in response to voice, speak with inappropriate words and withdraw to a painful stimulus. Her Glascow Coma Scale score is

Intravenous dexmedetomidine use does NOT result in

The risk of developing postherpetic neuralgia may be reduced by treating acute herpes zoster (shingles) with

Rapid reversal of the anticoagulant effect of dabigatran can be achieved with

The muscle or muscle group with the greatest sensitivity to the action of non-depolarising neuromuscular blocking agents is/are the

A patient under general anaesthesia monitored with transcranial cerebral oximetry has a decrease in their cerebral oxygen saturation. This is likely to be improved by an increase in all of the following EXCEPT

Based on this tracing (single ECG lead shown), the mode in which this pacemaker is operating is

Elimination of remifentanil occurs following breakdown mainly by

A patient who has had a previous axillary nodal dissection and who does not have lymphoedema of the affected arm presents for surgery. On the affected arm

Synchronised direct current cardioversion is NOT indicated when the arrhythmia is

In a 20-year-old with cystic fibrosis, the most likely finding on pulmonary function tests is

Dulaglutide reduces blood glucose by

Ongoing cerebral seizure activity induced by electroconvulsive therapy should be medically terminated after

Characteristics of post-operative visual loss due to vertebrobasilar ischaemia include

The odds ratio is the measure of choice for a

The diagnostic criterion for severe obstructive sleep apnoea in adults is an apnoea/hypopnoea index of at least

When used for prolonged analgesia in a healthy adult, the recommended maximum dose of ropivacaine via continuous infusion or bolus dosing in a 24-hour period is

In a cardiac transplant recipient, hypotension due to general anaesthesia is least likely to respond to

When the infraclavicular approach is used, the brachial plexus is blocked at the level of the

A patient’s glomerular filtration rate is estimated at 35 mL/min/1.73m2. The patient’s chronic kidney disease can be classified as Stage

Maintaining a CO2 pneumoperitoneum at a pressure of 15 mmHg is most likely to lead to

The Myocardial Injury after Non Cardiac Surgery study showed elevated troponin in the first three post-operative days was strongly associated with

The National Audit Project 6 found that the most common early clinical feature of perioperative anaphylaxis was

You are inducing anaesthesia in a 20-year-old female through a cannula which was inserted in the right antecubital fossa while she was in the emergency department. After 10 ml of propofol has been injected, she complains of severe pain and it becomes clear that the cannula is intra-arterial. The most appropriate management is

A patient with a history of restless leg syndrome is agitated in the post-anaesthesia care unit. After excluding other causes, the best treatment of the agitation in this patient is

A man with a history of obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea has just had a transsphenoidal pituitary resection. Soon after extubation he is semi-conscious and is making a respiratory effort but has near complete upper airway obstruction with stridor. His arterial oxygen saturation is 93% and starting to fall. Your first actions should be to

Measures to avoid venous air embolism when inserting an internal jugular central venous catheter in an awake patient include all of the following EXCEPT

Diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) is decreased in all of the following EXCEPT

A patient who is day 3 post laparotomy has used 30 mg oxycodone intravenously via patient controlled analgesia in the last 24 hours. The approximate oral morphine equivalent daily dose is

The recommended dose of IV adrenaline in a 15 kg, 5 year old child with grade 2 (moderate) perioperative anaphylaxis is

A 21-year-old patient with a history of schizophrenia on quetiapine develops tremor, restlessness, hyperreflexia, nausea and vomiting in the post-anaesthesia care unit following an emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Her heart rate is 80 / minute, blood pressure 130/90 mmHg, and her temperature is 37.0°C. The most likely diagnosis is

The success rate of stopping smoking before surgery is NOT improved by

The condition for which you would have a lower arterial oxygen saturation target is

In the thigh, the adductor canal is bordered by all of the following EXCEPT

When performing cannulation of the median cubital vein the structure that is LEAST likely to be inadvertently punctured or damaged is the

A patient has severe hypokalaemia and is in cardiac arrest. The Australian Resuscitation Council and the New Zealand Resuscitation Council recommend intravenous potassium should be given as

You wish to place the tip of a central venous line at the cavo-atrial junction in an adult, which on a chest X-ray is at a level

In the POISE study the use of beta blockers on the day of surgery as a cardio protective strategy in high risk patients has been associated with

Following denervation injury to muscles, critical hyperkalaemia associated with suxamethonium administration can occur as early as

A 25-year-old man suffers a burn involving 30% of his total body surface area. A cardiovascular physiological change expected within the first twenty-four hours is

For an adult patient with septic shock, the 2021 Surviving Sepsis Guidelines suggest using procalcitonin to guide

ANZCA guidelines recommend that under general anaesthesia, blood pressure should be measured no less frequently than every

Suxamethonium is safe to use for muscle relaxation in a patient with

The changes in oximetry seen after intravenous injection of indocyanine green are

Regarding cardiopulmonary exercise testing before major surgery, oxygen pulse is the

Appropriate surgical anaesthesia with sevoflurane is characterized by a frontal EEG showing

The medical laser LEAST likely to cause eye injury is

The smallest endotracheal tube that can be railroaded over an Aintree Intubation Catheter has an internal diameter of

When performing an erector spinae block in the lumbar region local anaesthetic should be placed

The drug that is LEAST likely to decrease blood flow to the splanchnic circulation is

A randomised control trial is performed on a new antiemetic medication. The rate of nausea in the placebo group is 20% and in the treatment group the rate is 5%. The number needed to treat to prevent nausea with this new drug is

The cardiac arrhythmia most commonly associated with the chronic use of methadone is

A patient is dyspnoeic in the post anaesthesia care unit with oxygen saturations of 94% on 10 litres/min oxygen via face mask. A focused lung ultrasound is performed. The structures labelled with the white arrows represent

The maintenance anaesthetic technique that has the lowest environmental impact from greenhouse gas is

Cryoprecipitate is a concentrated source of all the following EXCEPT

With regard to Donation after Circulatory Determination of Death (DCDD), the maximum acceptable time from withdrawal of cardio-respiratory support to cold perfusion for liver donation is

According to ANZCA PS54(A), an anaesthetic machine requiring electrical power must, in the event of mains power failure, be able to operate under battery backup power for a minimum of

When commencing treatment of proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolus, factor Xa inhibitors (apixaban, rivaroxaban) are preferred to dabigatran or warfarin because they do not require

A patient with a history of hereditary angioedema presents to the emergency department with difficulty with breathing, abdominal pain and swelling of the face, hands and feet. The most effective therapy for managing this is

A thoracic regional technique that will NOT provide analgesia for sternal fractures is a

Drug classes demonstrated to reduce mortality in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction include all of the following EXCEPT

In the three-bottle chest drainage system set up shown, the maximum suction pressure (cmH2O) generated inside the underwater seal bottle would be minus

Somatic pain in the second stage of labour is NOT transmitted via the

Despite two separate 300 IU/kg doses of heparin, you have failed to attain your target activated clotting time prior to instituting cardiopulmonary bypass. An appropriate option now would be to give

During a thyroidectomy, the surgeon is concerned the parathyroid glands have been devascularised. From the time of potential damage, a serum calcium level should be checked in

A 35-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department following a suspected amitriptyline overdose. She has a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6 and her blood pressure is 90/46 mmHg. Her electrocardiogram is most likely to show

A patient with a perioperative troponin rise above the upper limit of normal, chest pain, left ventricular anterior regional wall motion abnormality, and atheroma with a partially occluding thrombus of the left anterior descending coronary artery has had a/an

A patient requires elective surgery under general anaesthesia with neuromuscular relaxation. The recommended preoperative management of donepezil is to

Cyclooxygenase type 2 inhibitors (COX-2) in pregnancy are considered

A 75 year-old patient is given a Fleet® sodium phosphate enema prior to a colonoscopy. The hyperphosphataemia from the laxative can directly cause

The electrolyte abnormality most associated with an increased risk of laryngospasm is

The QRS axis of the attached electrocardiograph is closest to

An anaesthetic drug that is safe to use for a patient with porphyria is

A patient has received high dose hydroxycobalamin for refractory vasoplegia post cardiac surgery. Observed effects include all of the following EXCEPT

The bioavailability of an oral dose of ketamine is approximately

A venturi mask delivers a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.28 at the recommended fresh gas flow rate of 6 litres per minute. Increasing the flow rate to 12 litres per minute will deliver a fraction of inspired oxygen of

An inverted u wave is an electrocardiographic sign of

The use of direct oral anticoagulants [DOAC] in atrial fibrillation is contraindicated in the presence of

A 30 year old parturient presents in labour. She has a history of Addison's disease from autoimmune adrenalitis and has been taking prednisolone 6 mg daily for ten years. On presentation the patient is given hydrocortisone 100 mg intravenously. The most appropriate steroid replacement regime the patient should receive during labour is

One metabolic equivalent (MET) is equal to

A 64 year old man presenting for elective surgery is on thyroxine 100 mcg daily. His thyroid function tests are: (test results shown) These results are most consistent with

A 42-year-old female is admitted with subarachnoid haemorrhage. She has a severe headache, has eyes open spontaneously, and is confused but is obeying commands. She is unable to move her left side. The World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade is

Hepatopulmonary syndrome can be treated with

A 30-year-old previously healthy woman is four days post-caesarean section. You are asked to see her to manage her abdominal pain. Over the last two days she has had increasing abdominal pain, increasing abdominal distension, tachycardia and nausea. An abdominal x-ray shows a caecal diameter of 9 cm. After excluding mechanical obstruction, an appropriate management option is

The most effective treatment for pain following wisdom teeth extraction as a single oral dose is

The maximum recommended cuff inflation pressure for the classic LMA is

You have induced a 20-year-old male for appendicectomy with propofol, fentanyl and suxamethonium. You are maintaining anaesthesia with oxygen, air and sevoflurane. His heart rate has climbed to 150 /minute, the ETCO2 is 50 mmHg and his temperature is 40°C. After turning off the sevoflurane, you should

When using the ECG to time intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, balloon deflation should occur at the

Individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome having an anaesthetic are at most risk of

Cross clamping of the descending aorta is NOT expected to cause

Of the following, the LEAST likely to occur during one-lung ventilation in the lateral decubitus position is

Refeeding syndrome following the commencement of total parenteral nutrition is associated with the development of

The peak effect of intravenous insulin on serum potassium when treating hyperkalaemia occurs at approximately

A relative contraindication to a peribulbar needle technique for cataract surgery is

This arterial blood gas is consistent with a diagnosis of

Assuming a blood volume of 70 ml/kg, a massive transfusion in a 20 kg, 5-year-old child is defined as a three-hour packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion volume of

According to the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI) guidelines, an acceptable reason to delay surgery in a patient with a fractured neck of femur is

Local anaesthetic blockade of the musculocutaneous nerve in the upper limb will result in weakness of

In patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, carotid endarterectomy can be performed within two weeks of initial symptoms if there is/are

Of the following, the drug most likely to cause pulmonary arterial vasodilation with systemic arterial vasoconstriction when used in low doses is

Complications of hyperbaric oxygen therapy do NOT include

The option below which ranks these pressures from highest to lowest is (atm = atmosphere, cmH2O = centimetres of water, kPa = kilopascals, mmHg = millimetres of mercury, psi = pounds per square inch)

A patient taking tranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, requires elective surgery. The best management is to

A 25-year-old woman is administered two doses of aprepitant for postoperative nausea and vomiting after a sleeve gastrectomy. She normally takes the oral contraceptive pill. You should advise her to use alternative contraception for the next

A four-year-old boy with a history of waddling gait, larger than normal calves and frequent falls receives a spontaneously breathing volatile-based anaesthetic with sevoflurane. One hour into the case he develops peaked T waves and then the end-tidal CO2 begins to rise. The most appropriate immediate treatment is to

Jet ventilation for shared airway surgery is traditionally delivered at pressures in atmospheres (atm) of

A 46-year-old woman with menorrhagia is booked for abdominal hysterectomy. Her preoperative bloods show (electrolyte results shown) The most likely reason for these findings is

The BALANCED Anaesthesia Study compared older patients having deep anaesthesia (bispectral index target of 35) to lighter anaesthesia (bispectral index target of 50). It assessed postoperative mortality and a substudy assessed postoperative delirium. These showed that, compared to light anaesthesia, deep anaesthesia causes

A 58-year-old man with ischaemic cardiomyopathy is undergoing a ventricular tachycardia ablation procedure in the catheter laboratory. Partway through the procedure his systolic blood pressure abruptly falls from 110 mmHg to 50 mmHg. The most likely cause for his hypotension is

A 25-year-old male has continued post operative bleeding after an extraction of an impacted third molar tooth under a general anaesthetic. The patient mentions that his father bruises quite easily. His coagulation screen reveals (test results shown). The most likely diagnosis is

The coronary artery most likely occluded in this ECG of an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction is the

According to the Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Post-operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) published in 2020, multimodal PONV prophylaxis should be implemented in adult patients

The most appropriate initial diagnostic test for a suspected phaeochromocytoma is a/an

An adult patient is administered a target controlled propofol infusion for more than 30 minutes with a constant effect-site target of 4 mcg/ml propofol plasma concentration. Compared to the Schnider model, the propofol dose given by the Eleveld model will be a

A 4 week old full term neonate with an inguinal hernia, who is otherwise healthy, has an ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification of at least

You are inserting a pulmonary artery catheter in an intubated patient prior to cardiac surgery, and a significant amount of blood appears in the endotracheal tube. The most appropriate specific initial management is to

This patient has been requested to look straight ahead. He is suffering from a right (photo of eyes with divergent gaze shown)

A baby is brought to the emergency department three days after a term home birth. It has not been feeding well and has had few wet nappies. The child is grey in appearance and femoral pulses are difficult to palpate. You note an enlarged liver and marked tachycardia. Pulse oximetry reveals saturations of 75% despite oxygen being administered. You suspect a duct-dependent circulation. The best initial management is

A woman with atrial fibrillation has no valvular heart disease. According to AHA guidelines, oral anticoagulants are definitely recommended if her CHA2DS2-VASc score is greater than or equal to

The antiemetic least likely to precipitate an arrhythmia in a patient with this ECG is

The CRASH-2 trial showed tranexamic acid administration to trauma victims results in a reduction in

Of the following, the lowest level at which neurogenic shock is likely if an acute spinal cordinjury were to occur at that level is

A Laser-Flex tube has a double cuff with two separate pilot balloons. The correct colours of the pilot balloons are that

The initial treatment of a trigeminocardiac reflex during skull base surgery should be

You have diagnosed malignant hyperthermia in a person weighing 80 kg. Australian and New Zealand guidelines recommend an initial dose of dantrolene (Dantrium) of

In order to provide anaesthesia of the scalp for awake craniotomy, it is necessary to block branches of the

The parameter that changes most with increasing age in the otherwise normal lung is the

You are called to an airway emergency in the intensive care unit. A 40-year-old woman with morbid obesity and pneumonia had an elective percutaneous tracheostomy inserted eight hours previously. She is sedated, paralysed and ventilated. After being turned for pressure care, she desaturates and there is no clear CO2 trace on capnography. The tracheostomy tube is still in the neck but you are concerned it has been displaced. Your immediate management should be to

In patients without other comorbidities, bariatric weight loss surgery is indicated when the body mass index (kg/m2) is greater than

A patient with long-term severe anorexia nervosa is commenced on a normal diet. Three days later she develops cardiac failure and exhibits a decreased level of consciousness. The most important parameter to assay and normalise is the plasma

A 69-year-old man is dyspnoeic and complains of right shoulder tip pain whilst in the postanaesthesia care unit after a laparoscopic-assisted anterior resection. A focused thoracic ultrasound is performed and an image of the right lung is shown below. This represents

Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) is performed on a bleeding patient with the following series of graphs produced. The most appropriate therapy to be administered is

A 50-year-old man presents with a subarachnoid haemorrhage. He undergoes cerebral angiography and the frontal view is shown below. His cerebral aneurysm is in the

A patient with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension has had a right heart catheter with the following results. The transpulmonary gradient is

Desufflation after surgical pneumoperitoneum is NOT associated with an increase in

A woman is having a potentially curative primary breast cancer resection. Compared with a sevoflurane and opioid technique, using a regional anaesthesia-analgesia technique with paravertebral block and a propofol infusion will result in

The main advantage of using noradrenaline (norepinephrine) over phenylephrine for the prevention of hypotension as a result of spinal anaesthesia for elective caesarean section is

A feature of citrate toxicity following massive blood transfusion is

Features of hypocalcaemia include all of the following EXCEPT

A non-obese adult patient is administered a target-controlled propofol infusion for more than 15 minutes, with a constant target plasma concentration of 4 μg/mL propofol. Compared to the Marsh model, the propofol dose given by the Schnider model will be a

You are called to assist in the resuscitation of a 75-year-old patient in the emergency department who is in extremis with severe hypotension and hypoxaemia. The image shown is of a focused transthoracic echocardiogram, parasternal short axis view. The most likely diagnosis is

In subarachnoid block for caesarean section, hyperbaric local anaesthetic compared to regular local anaesthetic has been shown to reduce the

Pulse pressure variation is defined as

The BALANCED Anaesthesia Study compared older patients having deep anaesthesia (bispectral index target of 35) to lighter anaesthesia (bispectral index target of 50). It assessed postoperative mortality, and a substudy assessed postoperative delirium. These showed that, compared to light anaesthesia, deep anaesthesia causes

According to National Audit Project (NAP) 5, the incidence of awareness during general anaesthesia for lower segment caesarean section should be quoted as

A 75-year-old man has this right heart catheter trace as part of his investigation of dyspnoea. His pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is 24 mmHg. The most likely diagnosis is

According to the ANZICS Statement on Death and Organ Donation (2021), for the diagnosis of brain death after resuscitation and return of circulation following cardiorespiratory arrest, clinical testing should be delayed for at least

The glossopharyngeal nerve does NOT supply sensory innervation to the

The following pressure-volume loop is displayed on your ventilator screen. The shape of this loop indicates

A patient has an acute attack of shingles (herpes zoster). The development of post- herpetic neuralgia can best be reduced by the administration of

An otherwise healthy child with a history of leukaemia four years ago, now in remission, has an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification of at least

The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score is used in intensive care for the assessment of sepsis. This score does NOT include the

Causes of exhaled carbon dioxide detection following oesophageal intubation include all of the following EXCEPT

Double sequential external defibrillation is performed by applying two shocks from

Diagnostic criteria for adult systemic inflammatory response syndrome include all of the following EXCEPT

Cerebral salt wasting and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) have the following common features EXCEPT for

This Doppler trace obtained by transoesophageal echocardiography of the descending aorta suggests

According to Australian and New Zealand Anaesthetic Allergy Group (ANZAAG) anaphylaxis guidelines for adults, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should commence at a systolic blood pressure of less than

To assist with guiding intravenous fluid resuscitation in adults with sepsis or septic shock, the 2021 Surviving Sepsis Guidelines suggest using any of the following EXCEPT

Findings associated with massive pericardial tamponade include

A patient will open her eyes in response to voice, speak with inappropriate words and withdraw to a painful stimulus. Her Glasgow Coma Scale score is

The nerve labelled with the arrow in the diagram is the (diagram of the brachial plexus shown)

Burns sustained from electrocardiography equipment during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning are minimised by

Despite two separate 300 IU/kg doses of heparin, you have failed to attain your target activated clotting time prior to instituting cardiopulmonary bypass. An appropriate option now would be to give

A patient is suffering an acute myocardial infarction. Australian and New Zealand guidelines recommend the threshold for the use of supplemental oxygen is when the SpO2 falls below

In a 20-year-old with cystic fibrosis, the most likely finding on pulmonary function tests is

Self-report of pain in children is usually possible by the age of

The dose of hydrocortisone that has equivalent glucocorticoid effect to dexamethasone 8 mg is

In preschool-aged children having tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia, delirium is more likely with the use of

According to the Australian and New Zealand Anaesthetic Allergy Group (ANZAAG) guidelines for the investigation of a suspected anaphylactic reaction, serum tryptase should be measured at

To provide anaesthesia to the medial malleolus, the key nerve to block is the

The technique of airway pressure release ventilation

Application of a pacemaker magnet to a dual-chamber implanted pacemaker would be expected to convert the operating mode to

In children, severe sleep apnoea is suggested by an apnoea-hypopnoea index greater than

In a patient with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD), the intravenous agent that should be avoided is

A new antiemetic reduces the risk of postoperative vomiting by 20%. In a population with a baseline risk of postoperative vomiting of 10%, the number needed to treat is

The odds ratio is the measure of choice for a

According to the categorisation system used in Australia and New Zealand for prescribing medicines safely in pregnancy, category X denotes drugs which are

A patient is undergoing a posterior spinal fusion with somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring. Ischaemia is suggested by

The initial management for a seizure during an awake craniotomy is

An absolute contraindication to skin prick testing for the diagnosis of allergies is

A 63-year-old man has undergone a right pneumonectomy for malignancy. Twelve hours postoperatively he suddenly develops profound hypotension and shock. Clinical examination reveals a raised central venous pressure. The most useful IMMEDIATE action would be to

In cardiac surgery a low-normal central venous pressure and a low blood pressure with a hyperdynamic heart is suggestive of

Expected features of Guillain-Barré syndrome include

In Australia and New Zealand, the proportion of blood donors who are cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositive is

A 36-year-old woman sustains an injury to her left arm and presents with pain. She informs you that she experiences unpleasant intermittent and spontaneous shooting sensations in her arm. This sensation is

The sensory supply of the external nose is provided by all of the following nerves EXCEPT the

Of the following drugs, the LEAST suitable for managing atrial arrhythmias in a patient with a left ventricular assist device is

A level two check of the inhalational anaesthesia delivery device does NOT include checking the

A 30-year-old woman has her bipolar disorder well controlled with lithium therapy. The analgesic agent LEAST suitable for her is

You are planning to extubate a patient following airway surgery. The patient has FAILED the cuff-leak test when

Under the NEXUS criteria, requirements to clear the cervical spine of trauma patients without radiographic imaging include all of the following EXCEPT

You are called to recovery to review an 80-year-old woman after neck of femur fracture fixation performed under general anaesthesia with a fascia iliaca block. She has a history of mild dementia. She has become confused and agitated after initially being cooperative and is pain-free. The most appropriate drug therapy to manage her is intravenous

The neurosurgical registrar has telephoned about a patient with a spinal cord tumour who is on the list for tomorrow. The registrar tells you the patient has Brown-Séquard syndrome (hemisection of the spinal cord). On clinical examination, below the level of the lesion, you would expect to find all EXCEPT

A technique which is NOT effective in providing analgesia for a sternal fracture is a

A newborn baby is pale, limp, grimacing with stimulation, gasping weakly, and has a pulse rate of 90 beats per minute. This corresponds to an Apgar score of

A patient’s glomerular filtration rate is estimated at 35 mL/min/1.73m2. The patient’s chronic kidney disease can be classified as Stage

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the most common form of atlantoaxial instability have a widened atlantodental interval. This is measured between the

Reviewing the below image (ultrasound image shown), in order to safely perform an erector spinae block the probe needs to be moved

Suxamethonium may be safely given to patients with

A 24-year-old man has been brought into the emergency department with a traumatic fracture of the femur. His observations are: heart rate 90 beats per minute; blood pressure 120/80 mmHg; respiratory rate 25 breaths per minute. A peripheral VENOUS blood gas sample shows a pH of 7.29. The arterial blood pH can be estimated to be

The antiemetic action of aprepitant is via receptors for

In a 21-year-old man with an isolated acute severe traumatic brain injury, systolic blood pressure should be maintained at a level equal to or greater than

A patient you anaesthetised for a cervical fusion reports rapidly progressing unilateral visual loss commencing two days postoperatively. Fundoscopic examination reveals optic disc oedema. The most likely diagnosis is

A patient requiring an elective major joint replacement has had a recent stroke. The minimum recommended duration between the stroke and surgery is

A multitrauma patient is being managed with a resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion device of the aorta (REBOA) as part of damage control resuscitation. The balloon has been inserted for intractable pelvic bleeding. The most appropriate location for the device placement is between the

Therapeutic privilege is defined as

A central venous catheter is recognised as being inadvertently placed in the common carotid artery five hours after insertion. The most appropriate management is

The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1) agonist semaglutide is associated with

A five-year-old child weighing 25 kg is to be strictly nil by mouth overnight following a laparotomy. The most appropriate fluid prescription is

The following is a chest X-ray from a patient complaining of dyspnoea after thoracic surgery. The diagnosis is

A 65-year-old man with hypertension, type 2 diabetes and significant obstructive sleep apnoea on CPAP is scheduled for an abdominoperineal resection, with a high dependency unit admission planned postoperatively. He currently takes a calcium channel blocker, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor and metformin. ANZCA guidelines recommend withholding SGLT2 inhibitors

A nerve that does NOT provide sensory innervation to the shoulder joint is the

For a woman who has a history of preeclampsia in a previous pregnancy, the intervention with the best evidence for prevention of preeclampsia during future pregnancies is

You are using intraoperative cell salvage during a high-risk caesarean section. The salvaged blood has been washed and reinfused through a leukodepletion filter. This process should remove all of the following EXCEPT

You are performing a regional block for analgesia following knee surgery. You have an ultrasound probe scanning the anterior mid-thigh. The muscle indicated by the arrow in the ultrasound image below is the

In patients with primary adrenal insufficiency, a markedly elevated renin is most likely due to

A risk factor for the development of chronic postsurgical pain is having

According to the Fourth Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Post- operative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV) published in 2020, multimodal PONV prophylaxis should be implemented in adult patients

A patient with an acute subarachnoid haemorrhage arrives in the emergency department. Her Glasgow Coma Scale score is 10 and she has no motor deficit. A CT brain shows diffuse subarachnoid haemorrhage with no localised areas of blood greater than 1mm thick, and no intracerebral or intraventricular blood. Her World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade of subarachnoid haemorrhage is

ANZCA recommends that after confirmed COVID-19 infection, non-urgent elective major surgery should be delayed for a minimum of

A 35-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department following a suspected amitriptyline overdose. She has a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6 and her blood pressure is 90/46 mmHg. Her electrocardiogram is most likely to show

Sacubitril use reduces the plasma levels of

A drug that is NOT useful for the treatment of vasoplegic shock is

A man has symptomatic carbon monoxide poisoning. His pulse oximetry (SpO2) and arterial blood gas (PaO2) would be expected to show

A 60-year-old woman presents for thrombectomy with left lower leg ischaemia. She has not received any medications since presentation and takes none at home. The sole abnormality on laboratory testing is an activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of 52 seconds. The most likely cause of the raised APTT is

A diagnosis of metabolic syndrome is NOT supported by

The nerve most likely to be inadequately anaesthetised with an incomplete interscalene brachial plexus block is the

A 58-year-old man with alcohol-related cirrhosis is booked to undergo a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedure. The calculation of his MELD-Na score to estimate his mortality risk requires all of the following EXCEPT

Following the insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) into the cephalic vein in the upper arm, the patient complains of numbness in their forearm. It is likely that during insertion the operator has injured the

Ongoing cerebral seizure activity induced by electroconvulsive therapy should be medically terminated after

Of the following drugs, the LEAST likely to cause pulmonary vasodilation when used at low doses in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension is

According to the Revised Cardiac Risk Index, a 72-year-old male scheduled for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a history of hypertension, 20 pack-year history of smoking, type 2 diabetes requiring insulin and a previous stroke has a score of

Cryoprecipitate contains coagulation factors

Three-factor prothrombin complex concentrate reverses warfarin therapy within

The difference between a size 5.0 microlaryngeal tube (MLT) and a standard size 5.0 endotracheal tube is that the size 5 MLT

A third heart sound at the apex may be heard in

Consideration for same-day discharge in an ex-premature infant after orchidopexy for undescended testis would be suitable at a minimum postmenstrual age of

A feature that is atypical of multiple sclerosis is

A patient with severe abdominal trauma develops acute respiratory distress syndrome. A diagnosis of abdominal compartment syndrome is confirmed if the patient also has a sustained intraabdominal pressure greater than

The tip of an ideally-placed intra-aortic balloon catheter should lie in the

Tranexamic acid is NOT useful for managing

A 40-year-old woman is administered a nerve block for extraction of her right lower wisdom tooth. The nerve that should be blocked is the

An adult patient undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement is in ventricular fibrillation after the removal of the aortic cross clamp and requires internal defibrillation. It has been shown it is safe to deliver a charge of up to

During neonatal resuscitation, the pulse oximeter should be placed on the

The causes of macrocytic anaemia include

The function of the (electrical) earth conductor in operating theatre patient monitoring equipment is to

The next patient on your endoscopy list is a 50-year-old woman who has been scheduled for gastroscopy and colonoscopy under sedation, after unsatisfactory proceduralist-supervised midazolam and fentanyl sedation in the past. She states that she has egg anaphylaxis and carries an adrenaline (epinephrine) auto-injector. The most appropriate agent to use for her sedation is

During standard diagnostic nocturnal polysomnography for investigation of obstructive sleep apnoea, apnoea is defined as cessation of airflow for

A healthy woman is admitted to the obstetric unit with threatened preterm labour at 29 weeks gestation. Her blood pressure is 140/80 mmHg. A magnesium sulfate infusion is indicated for the purpose of

You are asked to review a 5-year-old child weighing 24 kg in the recovery room for acute pain management after a tonsillectomy performed for obstructive sleep apnoea. The most appropriate analgesic regimen would be

The bioavailability of an oral dose of ketamine is approximately

A patient presents for a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). He had a single drug-eluting coronary stent for angina pectoris inserted six months ago and is taking clopidogrel and aspirin. The most appropriate preoperative management of his medications is to

Of the following, the drug that is LEAST likely to provide effective analgesia following paediatric tonsillectomy is

A 72-year-old woman on aspirin therapy presents to her ophthalmologist for follow up three days after you performed a transconjunctival peribulbar block for cataract surgery on her left eye. She complains of painless periorbital swelling, erythema and mild chemosis which started the day after surgery but is improving. She also had a peribulbar block three weeks ago for surgery on the other eye. The most likely diagnosis is

This 12 lead ECG shows

A 25-year-old woman has critical bleeding following major trauma. Her blood group is unknown. Fresh frozen plasma that she receives should ideally be from

The success rate of stopping smoking before surgery is NOT improved by

A woman who is to undergo a caesarean section reports that she is allergic to amoxicillin. The reaction is limited to a rash. For surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis, you should administer

Compared to a continuous epidural infusion, patient controlled epidural analgesia does NOT reduce

The use of erythropoietin before major surgery results in

Anaesthesia-induced rhabdomyolysis differs from malignant hyperthermia in that it is NOT

Of the following, the drug which is most effective in the management of severe hyperthermia in serotonergic syndrome is

In order to minimise the risk of cardiac arrhythmia, surgical diathermy has been designed to operate with

The medication most strongly associated with an acute primary hypotensive reaction following transfusion of blood products is

A 47-year-old man is anaesthetised for an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Three minutes after induction, he is noted to have a heart rate of 130 bpm and systolic blood pressure of 60 mmHg. The most appropriate initial dose of adrenaline is

The influence of end-stage renal disease on the plasma clearance and dose of sugammadex is that the

A patient under general anaesthesia monitored with transcranial cerebral oximetry has a decrease in their cerebral oxygen saturation. This is likely to be improved by an increase in all of the following EXCEPT

A 54-year-old woman has a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) inserted for a surgical procedure. The following day she complains of tongue numbness and abnormal taste over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The most likely site of the nerve injury is the

A 30-year-old previously healthy woman is four days post-caesarean section. You are asked to see her to manage her abdominal pain. Over the last two days she has had increasing abdominal pain, increasing abdominal distension, tachycardia and nausea. An abdominal x-ray shows a caecal diameter of 9 cm. After excluding mechanical obstruction, an appropriate management option is

Large doses of sugammadex can potentially lead to

You are asked to review a 65-year-old man in the emergency department who has presented with hypoxia and confusion. The chest x-ray shows a left-sided

The initial management for a seizure during an awake craniotomy is

The rate of drainage of cerebrospinal fluid via a lumbar drain is NOT influenced by the

A patient requiring an elective major joint replacement has had a recent stroke. The minimum recommended duration between the stroke and surgery is

A 6-year-old patient (140 cm, 24 kg, BSA 0.97m2) is on hydrocortisone 15 mg/day. Perioperative glucocorticoid supplementation is

For a 70-year-old patient on rivaroxaban with normal renal function a major guideline recommends proceeding with hip fracture surgery after two half-lives of the drug. This equates to

Pulse pressure variation is defined as

A 50-year-old man is admitted with a stroke and undergoes cerebral angiography. The artery marked on angiography with the arrow is the

In Australia and New Zealand, the proportion of blood donors who are cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositive is

In critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, energy dense enteral nutrition (1.5 kcal/mL/kg) compared to routine (1 kcal/mL/kg) enteral feeding provides

A 56-year-old patient presents with exertional syncope. The most likely diagnosis is

A patient presents with sepsis-induced hypoperfusion or septic shock. The minimum suggested volume of intravenous crystalloid to be administered over the first three hours as outlined in the Surviving Sepsis Guideline is

The modified Aldrete scoring system is used for determining the

When using the ECG to time intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation, balloon inflation should occur at the

A 45-year-old male received a heart transplant one month ago. He develops a new supraventricular tachyarrhythmia without hypotension during a gastroscopy. The most appropriate therapy is

The most likely diagnosis for the following electrocardiograph is

A 60-year-old man remains unconscious after an isolated head injury. The systolic blood pressure (in mmHg) should be kept above

A 34-year-old for a diagnostic laparoscopy has a height of 158 cm and a weight of 120 kg (BMI 48 kg/m2). For induction of anaesthesia, appropriate drug dosing includes

Suxamethonium may be safely given to patients with (list of neuromuscular diseases given)

Non-anaesthetist practitioners wishing to provide procedural sedation should have training in sedation and/or anaesthesia for a minimum of

In a burns patient, the blood concentration of propofol is

A 76-year-old man requires an emergency thoracotomy to treat an expanding haemothorax. He is mildly hypotensive and is not fasted. His plasma electrolytes and haemoglobin are below. The most appropriate strategy to employ to intubate him with a double lumen endotracheal tube is to

A patient with an acute subarachnoid haemorrhage arrives in the emergency department. Her Glasgow Coma Scale score is 10 and she has no motor deficit. A CT brain shows diffuse subarachnoid haemorrhage with no localised areas of blood > 1 mm thick, and no intracerebral nor intraventricular blood. Her World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grade of subarachnoid haemorrhage is

Which of the following risk factors for preeclampsia in isolation would be sufficient to recommend commencing low-dose aspirin?

A woman is diagnosed with preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction at 30 weeks gestation. Her haemodynamics are most likely to show

A 15-year-old patient with a known prolonged QT interval has a ventricular tachyarrhythmia while being monitored postoperatively in the postanaesthesia care unit. The patient is alert, orientated and without chest pain but feels unwell. The best initial management is

An eight-year-old child with sickle cell disease is scheduled for emergency fixation of a fractured radius. Her haemoglobin is 80 g/L. The most appropriate management is

During spinal surgery, the anaesthetic agent that is least likely to decrease motor evoked potentials is

A four-year-old boy is in refractory ventricular fibrillation. The recommended dose of amiodarone is

The correct blood collection tube for a mast cell tryptase test is a

All patients over 70 years of age having received either spinal or general anaesthesia at Hospital X are reviewed 3 years later to assess cognitive function. The aim of the study is to determine whether exposure to general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia impacts cognitive function. This trial design is best described as a

All of the following conditions are associated with acromegaly EXCEPT

A patient in the intensive care unit has ventricular fibrillation two hours after her coronary artery bypass graft procedure. Recommended immediate management does NOT include

The sensor on a NIM (Nerve Integrity Monitor) endotracheal tube used for thyroid surgery directly records

A drug that is contraindicated for a patient with a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia is

The estimated proportion of human induced climate change attributable to nitrous oxide is

Regarding cardiopulmonary exercise testing before major surgery, oxygen pulse is the

You are involved in the care of a two-year-old child who has ingested a button battery in the last four hours. You would consider giving

The antiemetic that interferes with the effectiveness of oral hormonal contraception is

Despite an interscalene block being performed preoperatively for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, a patient wakes up with posterior shoulder pain. The most appropriate procedure to consider would be a nerve block of the

Intraoperative lung protective ventilation strategies include all of the following EXCEPT

An absolute contraindication to transoesophageal echocardiography is

A 25-year-old ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) physical status classification I patient develops seizures five minutes after receiving a brachial plexus block with ropivacaine. Of the following, the most suitable initial intravenous treatment is

Regarding healthcare research, the SQUIRE guidelines describe

According to National Audit Project (NAP) 5, the incidence of awareness during general anaesthesia is

You are performing femoral venous cannulation in an obese man under ultrasound guidance. The image quality is suboptimal as the vein is deep. The best way to improve the image quality is to

A patient is bleeding and her ROTEM displays a Fibtem A5 of 2 mm (normal > 4 mm). The most appropriate treatment is

After ceasing smoking, a patient’s immune function has effectively recovered to normal after

The most consistent risk factor for postoperative vomiting in children is

Recirculation is a cannula position complication specific to the use of

The composition of blood returned to the patient from intraoperative cell salvage shows

The diabetic medication that, as part of its therapeutic effect, significantly prolongs gastric emptying is

The most likely side effect observed in the post anaesthetic care unit after the use of dexmedetomidine is

When using cardioversion to revert a patient in atrial fibrillation to sinus rhythm, the direct current shock is synchronised with the ECG to coincide with the

Adverse effects of the use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the perioperative period do NOT include

The electrolyte abnormality most associated with an increased risk of laryngospasm is

A 21-year-old patient with a history of schizophrenia on quetiapine develops tremor, restlessness, hyperreflexia, nausea and vomiting in the post-anaesthesia care unit following an emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Her heart rate is 80 / minute, blood pressure 130/90 mmHg, and her temperature is 37.0°C. The most likely diagnosis is

The normal axial length of the globe of an adult eye is

This lung ultrasound image is consistent with

The Glasgow Coma Score of a patient whose best responses are: opening eyes to pain, making incomprehensible sounds, and withdrawing from pain is

A non-obese adult patient is administered a target-controlled propofol infusion for more than 15 minutes, with a constant target plasma concentration of 4 μg/ml propofol. Compared to the Marsh model, the propofol dose given by the Schnider model will be a

You have been managing a case of malignant hyperthermia in an 80 kg man and have given a total of 400 mg of dantrolene (Dantrium). The amount of mannitol you have also administered is

The smallest recommended endotracheal tube that should be railroaded over an Aintree catheter has an internal diameter of

A child with well controlled dysrhythmias has an ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) Physical Status classification of at least

According to ANZCA PS54(A), an anaesthetic machine requiring electrical power must, in the event of mains power failure, be able to operate under battery backup power for a minimum of

You are inserting a pulmonary artery catheter in an intubated patient prior to cardiac surgery and a significant amount of blood appears in the endotracheal tube. The most appropriate specific initial management is to

An analgesic which is a category A drug using the Australian and New Zealand categories for prescribing medicines in pregnancy is

A thoracic regional technique that will NOT provide analgesia for sternal fractures is a

A 72-year-old man with peripheral vascular disease presents for a femoral angioplasty and is currently taking aspirin. Regarding the perioperative management of his aspirin,

A 50-year-old man has the following pulmonary function test result: (provided). The most consistent diagnosis is

A patient with acute right heart failure secondary to acute myocardial infarction is likely to have a/an

You are called to recovery to review an 80-year-old woman post neck of femur fracture fixation performed under general anaesthesia with a fascia iliaca block. She has a history of mild dementia. She has become confused and agitated after initially being cooperative and pain-free. The most appropriate drug therapy to manage her is intravenous

In preschool-aged children having tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia, delirium is more likely with the use of

The curve labelled ‘b’ is most likely to represent the flow–volume loop of a patient with

A 72-year-old woman on aspirin presents to her ophthalmologist for follow-up three days after you performed a transconjunctival peribulbar block for cataract surgery on her left eye. She complains of painless periorbital swelling, erythema, and mild chemosis which started the day after surgery but is improving. She had a peribulbar block three weeks ago for surgery on the other eye. The most likely diagnosis is

You have diagnosed anaphylaxis in an eight-year-old girl having an appendicectomy. She weighs 20 kg and has refractory bronchospasm despite an adrenaline (epinephrine) infusion running at 15 mcg/min. The recommended initial dose of salbutamol (100 mcg/puff) via metered dose inhaler is

For a skewed distribution of data the best measure of dispersion of data is the

The analgesic drug with the most favourable Number Needed to Treat (NNT) for neuropathic pain is

This ultrasound image is acquired in preparation for a thoracic erector spinae plane block. The structure indicated by the arrow is the

The most common complication of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in adults is

A 25-year-old male has continued postoperative bleeding after an extraction of an impacted third molar tooth under a general anaesthetic. The patient mentions that his father bruises quite easily. His coagulation screen reveals: (provided). The most likely diagnosis is

Blockade of the superficial cervical plexus includes the

Of the following, the substance LEAST likely to cause lactic acidosis is

You will anaesthetise a 39-year-old woman for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. She has a history of mastocytosis and has never had an anaesthetic in the past. A drug which you should avoid is

A test for a condition which has a prevalence of 1 in 1,000 has a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 90%. The probability of a patient who receives a positive result actually having the condition is

A woman experiences a postpartum haemorrhage associated with uterine atony that is unresponsive to oxytocin and ergometrine. The recommended intramuscular dose of carboprost (15-methyl prostaglandin F2 alpha) to be administered is

A patient has blunt chest trauma. A thoracotomy is indicated if the immediate blood drainage after closed thoracostomy is greater than

Anterior spinal artery syndrome would NOT result in

The amount of intravenous potassium chloride required to raise the plasma potassium level from 2.8 mmol/L to 3.8 mmol/L in a normal adult is approximately

A five-month-old child is to undergo routine elective morning surgery. Current ANZCA guidelines advise minimum fasting intervals prior to anaesthesia of

Of the following, the condition that is an absolute contraindication to administration of electroconvulsive therapy is

Your patient underwent a stellate ganglion block two hours ago. Prior to discharge you are asked to review the patient in recovery because of a droopy upper eyelid. The patient would also be expected to have ipsilateral

A raised (> 140% predicted) single-breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) can be caused by

You are performing a focused cardiac ultrasound in the postanaesthesia care unit on a patient who is hypotensive for unclear reasons. His heart rate is 100 beats/min. The left ventricular velocity time integral is 10 cm. The left ventricular outflow area is 3 cm2. The left ventricular ejection fraction is 25%. The right ventricular systolic pressure is 40 mmHg. The inferior vena cava diameter is 20 mm. The estimated cardiac output is

Of the following, the congenital condition LEAST commonly associated with obstructive sleep apnoea in children is

An open Ivor-Lewis oesophagectomy is performed via a

Of the following, the procedure that is most commonly associated with chronic pain after surgery is

The nerve labelled with the arrow in the diagram is the (diagram of the brachial plexus)

Of the following, all are useful for the treatment of status epilepticus EXCEPT

When used for prolonged analgesia in a healthy adult, the recommended maximum dose of ropivacaine via continuous infusion or bolus dosing in a 24-hour period is

According to the RELIEF study, in major abdominal surgery a liberal fluid strategy (10 mL/kg of crystalloid at induction followed by 8 mL/kg/hour during the case) compared to a restrictive fluid strategy, results in

Based on this ECG tracing, the mode in which this pacemaker is operating is

The prevention of microbial contamination of living tissues or sterile materials is known as

A 45-year-old man is ventilated in the intensive care unit and is in a critical state. His pulmonary artery wedge pressure is 26 mmHg, cardiac index is 1.7 L/minute/m2 and his PaO2/FiO2 ratio is 200 mmHg. A decision is made to place him on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The most appropriate mode is

A 48-year-old man is day two post-laparoscopic high anterior resection. He has used 42 mg of intravenous morphine in the past 24 hours. You wish to start him on oral tapentadol immediate release. The most appropriate equianalgesic dosage would be

During an infraclavicular approach to the brachial plexus, the tip of the needle is positioned closest to the

The Pin Index System positions on a C size cylinder of medical oxygen are

In a previously normal patient with cardiac failure secondary to acute pulmonary embolism, the best choice of vasoactive agent for initial treatment is

You are reviewing a primigravida at 32 weeks gestation with a Fontan circulation in the anaesthetic preassessment clinic. Peripartum care should avoid the use of

Cyclooxygenase type 2 inhibitors (COX-2) in pregnancy are considered

Compared to a normothermic patient, a patient with mild intraoperative hypothermia (35.0 oC) will have

The 2012 Berlin definition of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) defines moderate disease as one with a PaO2 / FiO2 ratio (in mmHg) of

Normal (0.9%) saline has the physical properties of

The piece of airway equipment shown is a

The medication most strongly associated with an acute primary hypotensive reaction following transfusion of blood products is

A patient has return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) but remains unresponsive after cardiac arrest. ANZCOR Guidelines recommend all the following measures EXCEPT

1 MAC of sevoflurane affects the sensory evoked potential signal for spinal surgery by

The image below shows a normal central venous pressure (CVP) trace on the left. The CVP trace shown on the right is most consistent with

A patient is anaesthetised from the awake state to a state of surgical anaesthesia with propofol or a volatile anaesthetic. As the depth of anaesthesia increases, the patient’s electroencephalogram (EEG) will show oscillations that are of

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical test to determine

Created by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD 2017), the numerical GOLD classes 1 to 4 are classes of severity for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These classes are based on an assessment of the

The drug of choice for the treatment of duct-dependent congenital heart disease is

Predictors of difficult sedation (agitation or inability to complete the procedure) of patients undergoing gastroscopy do NOT include

A patient presents for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with a history of previous post-ERCP pancreatitis. The management most likely to reduce the likelihood of pancreatitis is

A 72-year-old patient is undergoing resection of an anterior skull based tumour using a combined endoscopic and frontal craniotomy approach. Seven hours into the procedure she has a large diuresis of pale urine and you suspect she may have developed diabetes insipidus. The most appropriate test result to confirm your diagnosis in this setting is a

The amount of fresh frozen plasma that needs to be administered (in mL/kg) to increase plasma fibrinogen levels by 1 g/L is

Unsupported ventilation in a non-anaesthetised patient with long-standing tetraplegia is improved when

Drug classes demonstrated to reduce mortality in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction include all of the following EXCEPT

The use of intraoperative dexamethasone for tonsillectomy

When using an endotracheal tube in an adult, the highest recommended cuff pressure to avoid mucosal ischaemia is

A 55-year-old man with no past history of ischaemic heart disease is three days post-total hip replacement surgery. He has an episode of chest pain that sounds ischaemic, began at rest and lasts 30 minutes before resolving fully. There are no ECG changes nor troponin rise. The diagnosis is

According to the ANZICS Statement on Death and Organ Donation 2021, circulatory determination of death in the context of organ donation requires the absence of evidence of circulation for at least

A six-year-old child weighing 20 kg presents to hospital two hours after sustaining a burn to 25% of her body. Appropriate fluid management should include 1000 mL Hartmann’s solution in the next

Dabigatran differs from rivaroxaban and apixaban because it inhibits

The recommended antibiotic prophylaxis for surgical termination of pregnancy is